How do different noise models affect quantum error correction efficiency?

Example Concept: Quantum noise models, such as depolarizing, dephasing, and amplitude damping, represent different types of errors affecting qubits. Depolarizing noise randomly flips qubit states, dephasing noise alters the phase information, and amplitude damping models energy loss. The efficiency of QEC codes like the surface code or Shor's code depends on their ability to detect and correct these specific errors. For instance, the surface code is particularly effective against depolarizing noise due to its topological nature, while Shor's code can handle both bit-flip and phase-flip errors by encoding logical qubits into multiple physical qubits.